Irregular Verbs – Strong and Mixed Verbs in German Grammar
What are strong, weak and mixed verbs?
The German language has three verb categories: weak, strong and mixed:
- Weak verbs (schwache Verben) are regular verbs; they follow a fixed pattern
- Strong verbs (starke Verben) are irregular verbs
- Mixed verbs (gemischte Verben) are also irregular; their conjugation is a mix of strong and weak verbs
The list below summarises the most common strong and mixed verbs in German grammar.
Each verb comes with its translation, the Präteritum and Partizip II forms as well as any vowel changes that occur in the present tense.
To see the conjugation of any German verb in all tenses and moods head over to our German verb conjugator.
Infinitive | Translation | Präteritum | Partizip II | Vowel Change in Präsens |
---|---|---|---|---|
backen | to bake | backte/buk | gebacken | a → ä |
befehlen | to command | befahl | befohlen | e → ie |
beginnen | to begin | begann | begonnen | |
beißen | to bite | biss | gebissen | |
bergen | to rescue | barg | geborgen | e → i |
bersten | to burst | barst | geborsten | |
bewegen* | to move | bewog/bewegte | bewogen/bewegt | |
biegen | to bend | bog | gebogen | |
bieten | to offer | bot | geboten | |
binden | to bind | band | gebunden | |
bitten | to request | bat | gebeten | |
blasen | to blow | blies | geblasen | a → ä |
bleiben | to remain | blieb | geblieben | |
braten | to fry | briet | gebraten | a → ä |
brechen | to break | brach | gebrochen | e → i |
brennen | to burn | brannte | gebrannt | |
bringen | to bring | brachte | gebracht | |
denken | to think | dachte | gedacht | |
dreschen | to thrash | drosch | gedroschen | e → i |
dringen | to get through | drang | gedrungen | |
dürfen | to be allowed (may) | durfte | gedurft | ü → a (all singular forms) |
empfehlen | to recommend | empfahl | empfohlen | e → ie |
erklimmen | to climb | erklomm/erklimmte | erklommen/erklimmt | |
erlöschen | to expire | erlosch | erloschen | |
erschrecken* | to frighten, to be startled | erschrak | erschrocken | e → i |
essen | to eat | aß | gegessen | e → i |
erwägen | to consider | erwog | erwogen | |
fahren | to drive | fuhr | gefahren | a → ä |
fallen | to fall | fiel | gefallen | a → ä |
fangen | to catch | fing | gefangen | a → ä |
fechten | to fence | focht | gefochten | |
finden | to find | fand | gefunden | |
fliegen | to fly | flog | geflogen | |
fliehen | to flee | floh | geflohen | |
fließen | to flow | floss | geflossen | |
fressen | to devour | fraß | gefressen | e → i |
frieren | to freeze | fror | gefroren | |
gären | to ferment | gor | gegoren | |
gebären | to bear (give birth) | gebar | geboren | ä → ie |
geben | to give | gab | gegeben | e → i |
gedeihen | to thrive | gedieh | gediehen | |
gehen | to go | ging | gegangen | |
gelingen | to be successful | gelang | gelungen | |
gelten | to pertain | galt | gegolten | e → i |
genesen | to recover | genas | genesen | |
genießen | to enjoy | genoss | genossen | |
geschehen | to happen | geschah | geschehen | e → ie |
gewinnen | to win | gewann | gewonnen | |
gießen | to pour | goss | gegossen | |
gleichen | to resemble | glich | geglichen | |
gleiten | to glide | glitt | geglitten | |
graben | to dig | grub | gegraben | a → ä |
greifen | to grasp | griff | gegriffen | |
haben | to have | hatte | gehabt | |
halten | to hold; to stop | hielt | gehalten | a → ä |
hängen | to hang | hing | gehangen | |
hauen | to hit | haute | gehauen | |
heben | to lift | hob | gehoben | |
heißen | to be called | hieß | geheißen | |
helfen | to help | half | geholfen | e → i |
kennen | to know (be familiar with) | kannte | gekannt | |
klingen | to sound; to ring | klang | geklungen | |
kneifen | to pinch | kniff | gekniffen | |
kommen | to come | kam | gekommen | |
können | to be able (can) | konnte | gekonnt | ö → a (all singular forms) |
kriechen | to crawl | kroch | gekrochen | |
laden | to load | lud | geladen | a → ä |
lassen | to let | ließ | gelassen | a → ä |
laufen | to run, walk | lief | gelaufen | a → ä |
leiden | to suffer | litt | gelitten | |
leihen | to lend; to borrow | lieh | geliehen | |
lesen | to read | las | gelesen | e → ie |
liegen | to lie (lie down) | lag | gelegen | |
lügen | to lie (tell a falsehood) | log | gelogen | |
meiden | to avoid | mied | gemieden | |
melken | to milk | molk | gemolken | |
messen | to measure | maß | gemessen | e → i |
misslingen | to fail | misslang | misslungen | |
mögen | to like | mochte | gemocht | ö → a (all singular forms) |
müssen | to have to (must) | musste | gemusst | ü → u (all singular forms) |
nehmen | to take | nahm | genommen | e → i |
nennen | to call, name | nannte | genannt | |
pfeifen | to whistle | pfiff | gepfiffen | |
preisen | to praise | pries | gepriesen | |
quellen | to gush | quoll | gequollen | e → i |
raten | to guess; to advise | riet | geraten | a → ä |
reiben | to rub | rieb | gerieben | |
reißen | to rip | riss | gerissen | |
reiten | to ride | ritt | geritten | |
rennen | to run, race | rannte | gerannt | |
riechen | to smell | roch | gerochen | |
ringen | to struggle | rang | gerungen | |
rinnen | to trickle | rann | geronnen | |
rufen | to call | rief | gerufen | |
saufen | to guzzle; to tipple | soff | gesoffen | a → ä |
saugen* | to suck, to vacuum | sog/saugte | gesogen/gesaugt | |
schaffen* | to create, to manage | schuf | geschaffen | |
scheiden | to separate | schied | geschieden | |
scheinen | to shine; to seem | schien | geschienen | |
schelten | to scold | schalt | gescholten | e → i |
scheren | to shear | schor | geschoren | |
schieben | to push | schob | geschoben | |
schießen | to shoot | schoss | geschossen | |
schinden | to overwork [someone] | schindete | geschunden | |
schlafen | to sleep | schlief | geschlafen | a → ä |
schlagen | to hit, strike | schlug | geschlagen | a → ä |
schleichen | to sneak | schlich | geschlichen | |
schleifen | to grind | schliff | geschliffen | |
schließen | to close | schloss | geschlossen | |
schlingen | to loop; to gulp | schlang | geschlungen | |
schmeißen | to throw, fling | schmiss | geschmissen | |
schmelzen | to melt | schmolz | geschmolzen | e → i |
schneiden | to cut | schnitt | geschnitten | |
schreiben | to write | schrieb | geschrieben | |
schreien | to scream, cry | schrie | geschrien | |
schreiten | to stride, step | schritt | geschritten | |
schweigen | to be silent | schwieg | geschwiegen | |
schwellen | to swell | schwoll | geschwollen | e → i |
schwimmen | to swim | schwamm | geschwommen | |
schwinden | to fade, disappear | schwand | geschwunden | |
schwingen | to sway; to wield | schwang | geschwungen | |
schwören | to swear | schwor | geschworen | |
sehen | to see | sah | gesehen | e → ie |
sein | to be | war | gewesen | irregular (ich bin, du bist, …) |
senden | to send | sandte/sendete | gesandt/gesendet | |
singen | to sing | sang | gesungen | |
sinken | to sink | sank | gesunken | |
sinnen | to ponder | sann | gesonnen | |
sitzen | to sit | saß | gesessen | |
sollen | to ought to (should) | sollte | gesollt | |
speien | to spit | spie | gespien | |
spinnen | to spin; to be crazy | spann | gesponnen | |
sprechen | to speak | sprach | gesprochen | e → i |
sprießen | to sprout | spross | gesprossen | |
springen | to jump | sprang | gesprungen | |
stechen | to stab, prick | stach | gestochen | e → i |
stehen | to stand | stand | gestanden | |
stehlen | to steal | stahl | gestohlen | e → ie |
steigen | to climb, mount | stieg | gestiegen | |
sterben | to die | starb | gestorben | e → i |
stinken | to stink | stank | gestunken | |
stoßen | to bump | stieß | gestoßen | |
streichen | to cancel, delete | strich | gestrichen | |
streiten | to quarrel | stritt | gestritten | |
tragen | to carry; to wear | trug | getragen | a → ä |
treffen | to meet | traf | getroffen | e → i |
treiben | to compel, drive | trieb | getrieben | |
treten | to step | trat | getreten | e → i (+tt); du trittst |
trinken | to drink | trank | getrunken | |
trügen | to deceive | trog | getrogen | |
tun | to do | tat | getan | |
verderben | to spoil | verdarb | verdorben | e → i |
vergessen | to forget | vergaß | vergessen | e → i |
verlieren | to lose | verlor | verloren | |
verzeihen | to forgive | verzieh | verziehen | |
wachsen | to grow | wuchs | gewachsen | a → ä |
waschen | to wash | wusch | gewaschen | a → ä |
weichen | to yield, give way | wich | gewichen | |
weisen | to indicate | wies | gewiesen | |
wenden* | to turn, to appeal to | wandte/wendete | gewandt/gewendet | |
werben | to advertise | warb | geworben | e → i |
werden | to become | wurde | geworden | e → i; irregular: du wirst |
werfen | to throw | warf | geworfen | e → i |
wiegen | to weigh; to cradle | wog | gewogen | |
winden | to wind | wand | gewunden | |
wissen | to know (a fact) | wusste | gewusst | i → ei (all singular forms) |
wollen | to want | wollte | gewollt | o → i (all singular forms) |
wringen | to wring | wrang | gewrungen | |
ziehen | to pull; to move | zog | gezogen | |
zwingen | to force | zwang | gezwungen |
*regular and irregular conjugations have different meanings. See table below for more information.
Verbs with two forms
A handful of German verbs have two conjugations: one regular and one irregular. Often, they can be used interchangeably.
- Example:
- senden → Ich sendete/sandte den Brief per Post.I sent the letter by post.
- gebären → Meine Schwester gebärt/gebiert ihr erstes Kind.My sister is having her first child.
In some cases, the verb has a different meaning depending on whether it is regular or irregular. These verbs are marked with an asterisk (*) in the table above.
The table below goes into more detail on verbs with a change of meaning.
Verb | Meaning as a Regular Verb | Meaning as an Irregular Verb |
---|---|---|
bewegen | to move (literally/physically) → Wir bewegten uns im Kreis.We moved in circles. |
to move (figuratively/emotionally) → Seine Rede bewog mich, meine Meinung zu ändern.His speech moved me to change my mind. |
erschrecken | to scare/startle someone (transitive) → Peter erschreckte seine Schwester.Peter scared his sister. |
to get a fright/to be startled (intransitive) → Maria erschrak, als es donnerte.Maria was startled when it thundered. |
saugen |
to suck → Der Elefant saugte das Wasser mit seinem Rüssel auf.The elephant sucked up the water with his trunk. |
to suck → Der Elefant sog das Wasser mit seinem Rüssel auf.The elephant sucked up the water with his trunk. |
to vacuum → Letzte Woche saugte ich das Wohnzimmer.Last week I vacuumed the living room. |
||
schaffen | to manage (to do something) → Sie schaffte es beim ersten Versuch.She managed it on her first try. |
to create/produce → Sie schufen neue Arbeitsplätze.They created new jobs. |
wenden |
to turn → Phillip wendete den Kopf zum Fenster.Phillip turned his head towards the window. |
to turn → Phillip wandte den Kopf zum Fenster.Phillip turned his head towards the window. |
to appeal to someone → Die Rednerin wendete sich ans Publikum.The speaker appealed to the audience. |
to appeal to someone → Die Rednerin wendete sich ans Publikum.The speaker appealed to the audience. |
|
to turn over → Das Blatt hat sich gewendet.The tables have turned. |
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to turn around → Das Bus hat am Ende der Strecke gewendet.The bus turned around at the end of the route. |